Medical experts shed light on how air pollution affects fertility in men and women

As Mumbai grapples with the urgent need for air quality management, the pressing issue extends beyond respiratory concerns. Amidst the environmental crisis, research has shed light on the disturbing repercussions on fertility in both men and women.

The elevated concentrations of pollutants, characterised by high levels of PM2.5 and other toxic airborne particles, are posing a direct threat to reproductive health, shares Dr. Lavi Sindhu, consultant, MBBS, DNB (Obstetrics and Gynaecology), Birla Fertility and IVF, New Delhi.

"Air pollution's impact on fertility is a critical concern within the medical community. While advanced maternal age is a primary factor, daily exposure to high pollution levels is increasingly recognised as a major contributor to declining fertility. Deteriorating air quality not only affects respiratory health but also leads to reduced sexual drive among couples trying to conceive," informs Dr Nisha Bhatnagar, MBBS. MD (ObGyn), Medical Director, Infinite Fertility.

Studies indicate a correlation between prolonged exposure to such pollutants and disruptions in hormonal balance, adversely affecting fertility outcomes. Medical experts necessitate the use of masks in highly polluted areas to protect one's fertility.

Also Read: Amid high pollution levels, docs urge people to keep lungs healthy

How air pollution affects male and female infertility:
Research supports the link between air pollution and reproductive complications, including infertility, challenging pregnancies, birth abnormalities and stillbirths, informs Bhatnagar. Studies show that even a 10-g/m3 increase in PM 2.5 levels can result in a four-gram decrease in a baby's birth weight. Sperm quality is also affected, with PM2.5 exposure negatively impacting sperm morphology and motility.

Environmental contaminants induce oxidative stress in sperm, potentially leading to DNA fragmentation and infertility. Exposure to air with oestrogenic and antiandrogenic substances can impair testosterone and sperm production. These endocrine disruptors may lead to hormonal imbalances and metabolic disorders linked to infertility.

Impact of air pollution on male and female fertility:

Reduced sperm quality
For men, exposure to air pollutants like particulate matter (PM), heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons can lead to decreased sperm quality. This can result in lower sperm count, reduced sperm motility, and increased DNA damage in sperm cells, making it more challenging to achieve pregnancy.

Hormonal imbalance
Air pollution can disrupt the endocrine system in both genders, affecting the balance of reproductive hormones. In women, this can lead to irregular menstrual cycles, anovulation and even conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), making conception difficult.

Higher risk of miscarriage
Prolonged exposure to air pollution is associated with a higher risk of miscarriage in pregnant women. Pollutants like PM2.5 and PM10 can enter the bloodstream and potentially harm the developing foetus.

Impact on ovarian reserve
For women, air pollution may lead to a reduction in ovarian reserve, which represents the number of viable eggs in the ovaries. This can accelerate the process of ovarian ageing, making it more challenging to conceive.

Delayed time to pregnancy
Both men and women exposed to high levels of air pollution may experience a delay in pregnancy. This means it may take longer to conceive, causing emotional and psychological stress.

Precautions and treatment options:
To prevent fertility damage from air pollution, individuals can take proactive steps to minimise exposure and protect their reproductive health. One crucial measure is to reduce exposure to polluted air. Stay indoors on days when air quality is poor, and consider using air purifiers in your home to filter out harmful particles. Ensuring good ventilation is essential to maintaining a cleaner indoor environment, informs Sindhu.

When venturing outdoors in highly polluted areas, wearing masks can serve as an additional barrier against inhaling harmful particles. This simple but effective precaution can significantly reduce the intake of pollutants that may impact fertility.

Also Read: Mumbai's air quality in 'moderate' category

Additionally, a well-balanced diet plays a crucial role in mitigating the effects of air pollution on fertility. Opt for a diet rich in antioxidants, as these compounds can help combat oxidative stress caused by exposure to pollutants. Regular exercise and maintaining a healthy lifestyle can also contribute to overall reproductive well-being, supporting the body's resilience against environmental stressors.

If fertility issues arise despite preventive measures, seeking guidance from a reproductive specialist is paramount. These experts can conduct thorough evaluations, identify potential causes and recommend appropriate treatments.

Assisted reproductive technologies such as in vitro fertilisation (IVF) or intrauterine insemination (IUI) may be suggested based on individual circumstances, providing viable options for those facing challenges in conceiving due to the impact of air pollution on reproductive health.

Way forward
"As healthcare providers, we must encourage patients to protect their fertility," says Bhatnagar. Controlling sleep patterns, avoiding harmful substances and discussing medication side-effects are essential steps to combat the worsening impact of air pollution.

In response to these challenges, emerging solutions encompass lifestyle modifications and the practice of egg freezing. While with the former approach, one can achieve holistic health, the latter can help safeguard reproductive potential, effectively countering the environmental risks posed by indoor air pollution.

By preserving eggs at a younger age when they are typically of higher quality, couples and women can increase their chances of achieving healthy pregnancies later in life, even in the presence of environmental challenges.

These measures collectively represent a proactive response to the threats posed by indoor air pollution, empowering individuals to take control of their reproductive future. Avoiding environmental endocrine disruptors is crucial. If fertility challenges persist, consult a fertility specialist. We, as medical professionals, need to address air pollution's complex impact on reproductive health and empower individuals to preserve their fertility, shares Bhatnagar.