With no regulatory body in place... Who is monitoring private forensic labs?

Even as the government pushes for forensic investigation to play a greater role in the criminal justice system with the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita BNSS the country is woefully unprepared for the wave of cases that will soon hit forensic laboratories warn expertsThe most glaring oversight is the lack of a central regulatory body to set guidelines for operations of forensic laboratories and to enforce these regulations by mandating registration accreditation and regular audits of these labs and self proclaimed forensic experts heading working in such laboratories Currently anyone can claim to be a forensic expert in India armed only with dubious online or diploma certifications in forensic science or related disciplinesWith no regulatory body there is no Standard Operating Procedure SOP to follow nor anyway to monitor standards of testing equipments and the integrity of evidence This is especially concerning in light of private forensic laboratories mushrooming across the country raising the risk of inconsistent and unreliable evidence in courtrooms across IndiaLeft to right Dr Indrajit Khandekar Amol Deshmukh Dr Rukmani Krishnamurthy and Advocate Mohini PriyaIn Clause 3 of Section 176 of the BNSS which has replaced the Code of Criminal Procedure forensic testing has now become mandatory for every offences that carry sentences of more than seven years Under the CrPC it was left up to the police to decide whether forensic experts autopsy surgeon and forensic team from FSL would need to be called in for crime scene investigation of a case or not This change in the criminal investigation code will only increase the workload on already overburdened State run labs where forensic analysis in thousands of cases are still pending says Nisha Menon forensic expert and consultantldquoOn one hand there is a significant shortage of governmentrun forensic laboratories and experts to handle the analysis of evidence seized during the course of police investigation On the other hand the number of hightech and planned crimes in India is increasingrdquo said MenonSeeing an opportunity in the demandsupply gap private forensic laboratories have proliferated While other countries have mandated accreditation for laboratories that perform forensic tests for legal purposes private labs in India are not accredited and often lack standardisation and quality control measures ldquoMany of these private labs are operated and funded by nonexperts or retired experts with specialisation in only one subject They submit reports across several forensic disciplines which are not their domain of expertise Additionally these labs hire either inexperienced freshers or employees who merely hold online certifications or short diplomas in related disciplinesrdquo said MenonIt has also come to light that today anyone with mere certification or diploma course in forensic tag themselves as forensic experts a trend which is gradually becoming popular since crime thrillers on cable TV and OTT platforms are turning out to be most watched programs It is therefore imperative to have a regulatory body to keep tap of such mushrooming quacks who set up their private laboratories with no required qualification or on the job training And if this is continue it will not only derail the criminal justice system but also adversely undermine the usage of forensic science in its true senseNisha MenonUnqualified personnel handling sensitive forensic samples may lead to contamination mishandling or biased analyses and reports ldquoThis unregulated growth of private forensic labs poses a significant risk to the integrity of forensic evidence and the criminal justice system as a whole The consequences of flawed forensic analysis can be devastating leading to wrongful convictions miscarriages of justice and harm to innocent individualsrdquo warned MenonLack of regulationA regulatory body and accreditation process is the need of the hour stressed Menon The problem lies not in private laboratories opening but in the utter lack of regulation Rukmani Krishnamurthy former Director of the Directorate of Forensics Science Laboratories Maharashtra who is also academic council member of National Forensic Science University NFSU in Gujarat said ldquoThe demand for forensic investigation is rapidly increasing It is also a fact that understaffed and overburdened governmentrun forensic laboratories cannot solely meet the requirement Hence the role of private forensic laboratories has become crucialrdquoShe proposes that ldquoa national forensic council be formed under the ambit of NFSU that would not only mandate registration of private forensic science laboratories but also accredit them conduct regular checks on their teamrsquos qualifications expertise and equipment so as to ensure that the quality of analysis is not compromised and can stand court trials without an iota of doubtrdquoBotched forensic investigation has led to several highprofile cases failing to hold up in court as pointed out by Mohini Priya Advocate on Record Supreme Court of India ldquoContradictory reports by the Mumbai FSL and a foreign private laboratory in the investigation of actress Jiah Khanrsquos death in 2013 had cast doubts on the reliability of forensic evidence in Indiardquo she saidShe also flagged the 2012 Nirbhaya gang rape case which was the first in India to use forensic odontology to match the convictsrsquo teeth to bite marks on the victim However due to a dearth of such experts in India the case was delayed In another highprofile investigation in the 2008 Aarushi Talwar murder case it was widely reported that the crime scene had been contaminated and evidence such as Aarushirsquos personal belongings and potential DNA samples were mishandled besides which the autopsy report also contained discrepancies ldquoThese cases have highlighted the profound impact that forensic mishandling can have on the pursuit of justicerdquo said Advocate MohinildquoIt is crucial to establish clear legal guidelines and standards for the admissibility of forensic evidence This involves mandating the accreditation of forensic laboratories to ensure they meet high quality and reliability standards Legislative amendments are necessary to enforce these standards rigorously defining specific consequences for noncompliancerdquo said Advocate MohiniThe lack of oversight of Indian laboratories means criminal defendants can simply hire the services of a private lab to provide a contradictory report and undermine the prosecutionrsquos case Amol Deshmukh senior faculty member at the governmentrun Institution of Forensic Science Mumbai recalled one such incident ldquoIn one case a private laboratory in Mumbai claimed to have detected alcohol in dried blood stains it is scientifically not possible to detect alcohol in blood samples older than 24 hours contradicting the FSL report and therefore undermining the credibility of forensic science Instances abound of conflicting DNA reports from hair samples all obtained at exorbitant prices dictated by client pressuresrdquoDeshmukh pointed out another disturbing instance wherein his timely intervention averted a numerologists and a graphologistsin another case from issuing their expert view in a forensic case pertaining to handwriting and signature analysis despite no actual qualification and expertise in forensic science It has also come to light that today anyone with mere certification or diploma course in forensic tag themselves as forensic experts a trend which is gradually becoming popular since crime thrillers on cable TV and OTT platforms are turning out to be most watched programs It is therefore imperative to have a regulatory body to keep tap of such mushrooming quacks who set up their private laboratories with no required qualification or on the job training And if this is continue it will not only derail the criminal justice system but also adversely undermine the usage of forensic science in its true senseForensic and landmark casesldquoIn landmark cases such as lsquoSolanki Chimanbhai Ukabhai v State of Gujaratrsquo the Supreme Court of India has established that while forensic evidence is corroborative its value can be overshadowed by reliable eyewitness testimony The Court underscored that inconsistencies between forensic reports and eyewitness accounts do not automatically discredit the eyewitnesses if their testimony is deemed credible and satisfactory This nuanced approach reflects the complexity of integrating forensic evidence into the legal framework and the necessity for careful evaluation of all evidence presented said Advocate MohiniShe continued ldquoThe Supreme Courtrsquos observation in lsquoState of Haryana vs Bhagirathrsquo further stresses the need for a progressive approach towards the acceptance of expert testimony emphasizing that advancements in science should inform legal standards provided the evidence meets established reliability criteria Despite this the application of forensic science in India is fraught with challenges that hinder its effectiveness and reliabilityrdquoFailed attemptsThe Ministry of Home Affairs MHA and National Human Rights Commission had attempted to address these issues with the issuance of Standard Operating Procedures SOPs in 2020 for proper evidence collection and processing particularly in cases of sexual assault However lapses in forensic probe of cases like the 2020 Hathras gang rape in which there was a delay in recording the victimrsquos statement and her medical examination indicate that these guidelines have not been uniformly applied particularly in rural and suburban regionsIn 2011 the government had also drafted the Forensic Regulatory amp Development Authority Of India FRDA Bill in lines of TRAI for telecom industry IRDA Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority for insurance industry But the Bill never saw the light of day said Dr Indrajit Khandekar Professor of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences SevagramldquoThe aim of this bill was to establish a forensic sciences regulatory authority who would have monitored the functioning of both the StateCentral Forensic Laboratories incuding private Laboratories and also have common Standard Operating Procedures SOPs for all laboratories However it was kept in cold storage for unknown reasonsrdquo he saidForensic experts in the know said ldquoThe bill was a detailed report highlighting a 50year plan for forensic science laboratories across India It had recommended having a regulatory body for private laboratories Two noted forensic experts Dr Gopalji Mishra former Director FSL Punjab and Dr C Damodaran former Director FSL Tamilnaduhad submitted a over 500 pages on Perspective Plan for Indian Forensics rdquo