The Goddess came later

There was a common thesis amongst many feminists of the late 20th century that before the advent of farming humans worshipped Goddesses and human society was matriarchal and matrilineal This changed with the advent of agriculture when the male form became privileged The goddesses were sidelined and eventually replaced by the allpowerful male God of monotheism However a study of Indian texts and art suggest that the prevalent popularity of goddesses emerged in India only after 500 CE 1500 years ago as Buddhists Jains and Brahmins migrated and were forced to accommodate subaltern culturesIn Stone Age cave art there are no images of goddesses In Harappan art there are tantalising images of goddesses linked with trees and tigers But then these disappear for nearly 1500 years when Buddhist Jain and Hindu art finally appearsIn early Buddhist imagery there is no Tara In early Jain art there is no Yakshi In early Hindu art there is Krishna but no Radha there is Shiva but no Parvati The earliest images of Lakshmi come from IndoGreek coins and Buddhist stupas The earliest image of Saraswati comes from a Jain archaeological site in Mathura These are around 2000 years oldA few centuries later we find Kushan art showing early images of a lionriding buffalooverpowering goddess Then we find terracotta plaques showing images of Ramayana in the Gangetic region around Haryana and eastern Uttar Pradesh Here we find female characters like Ahalya Anasuya Surpanakha and SitaThen in the Gupta sites from 500 CE in and around what is now Madhya Pradesh we start finding images of goddesses such as Lakshmi at the feet of Vishnu Prithvi being rescued by Varaha the rivergoddesses Ganga and Yamuna standing at doorways atop dolphins and turtles By 800 CE in Ellora South of the Vindhyas we find images of Durga fighting the buffalo the seven matrika goddesses Krishna and Balarama on either side of Yogamaya images of the Buddhist Tara holding a lotus flowerWe can argue that goddesses have been integral to Hinduism since Vedic times But of the 1000 hymns of the Rig Veda only the maximum number of hymns dedicated to a goddess as the 21 hymns for Usha the dawngoddess The Rig Veda is dominated by male godsmdashIndra Agni Soma Surya Prajapati Aditya Varuna Mitra Women play supplementary roles as the earth Prithvi or the mother Aditi Women are important characters in the epics Ramayana and Mahabharata but the male characters and masculine concerns foreground the narrativeBy 1000 CE this changed dramatically The Goddess appears as a counterpoint and a counterbalance to God The male trinity of Brahma Vishnu and Shiva is balanced with the female trinity of Saraswati Lakshmi and Durga In Buddhist art we find images of Tara next to the Buddha In Tantrik Buddhist art fierce Bodhisatva are paired with fierce female Dakinis and Yoginis In Jain art every Tirthankara is linked to a YakshimdashChakreshvari for Rishabha Ambika for Neminatha Padmavati for Parsvanath Kings get their royal authority from Durga Merchants value Lakshmi Scholars adore SaraswatiWith the arrival of Muslims in India the masculine form of God once again prevails Ram becomes God Krishna becomes God and the goddess is reduced to consort or devotee at best mother who needs to be protected The rising tide of monotheism meant that either God was seen as formless nirguna or when given form was granted the male form This is why Hindutva promotes Ram without Sita Krishna without Radha and Shiva without ParvatiThe author writes and lectures on the relevance of mythology in modern times Reach him at devduttpattanaik middaycom